Wednesday, July 22, 2015

Eilu Vi-eilu - Part 1

There is a famous story of a couple that was experiencing marital discord. They came to the rabbi to adjudicate their dispute. First it was the wife's turn ["ladies first" כה תאמר לבית יעקב אלו הנשים ורק אח"כ ותגד לבני ישראל אלו האנשים]: She said that all of their problems are her husband's fault. She went on and on about how the husband is a slob, forgetful, unappreciative etc. etc.

The wise rabbi said [in a thick European accent] "You are right. It is your husband's fault."

Then it was the husband's turn: He complained about the wife. He went on about how she is hyper-emotional, argumentative, critical, unforgiving etc. etc.

The wise rabbi said [again in a thick European accent:-)] "You are right. It is all your wife's fault".

The couple looked in wonder at the rabbi and asked "How can we both right? It is either one or the other?"

The rabbi thought for a moment and said "You're right about that too..."

In this and upcoming posts we [בל"נ ברצות השם דרכינו] are going to examine the idea of multiple truths. I thank my beloved friend Rabbi Shlomo Einhorn Shlita, Dean and Rov of Yeshivat Yavneh in L.A. whose recent shiur where he brilliantly discusses this idea and cites [among others] Rav Hutner on the topic, and also his personal words of chizzuk gave me the impetus to expand on this matter.

The gemara in Eruvin [13b] says [translation is from Soncino which is usually where I take my gemara translations from. Artscroll is better but they are not available on line.... Bimheyra bi-yameinu...]:

אמר רבי אבא אמר שמואל: שלש שנים נחלקו בית שמאי ובית הלל, הללו אומרים הלכה כמותנו והללו אומרים הלכה כמותנו; יצאה בת קול ואמרה "אלו ואלו דברי אלהים חיים הן, והלכה כבית הלל"; וכי מאחר שאלו ואלו דברי אלהים חיים, מפני מה זכו בית הלל לקבוע הלכה כמותן? - מפני שנוחין ועלובין  היו, ושונין דבריהן ודברי בית שמאי, ולא עוד אלא שמקדימין דברי בית שמאי לדבריהן....
 

"R. Abba stated in the name of Shmuel: For three years there was a dispute between Beis Shammai
and Beis Hillel, the former asserting, ‘The halachah is in agreement with our views’ and the latter
contending, ‘The halachah is in agreement with our views’. Then a bas kol issued announcing,
‘[The utterances of] both are the words of the living God, but the halachah is in agreement with the
rulings of Beis Hillel’. Since, however, both are the words of the living God’ what was it that
entitled Beis Hillel to have the halachah fixed in agreement with their rulings? Because they were
kindly and modest, they studied their own rulings and those of Beis Shammai, and were even so
[humble] as to mention the actions of Beis Shammai before theirs...."
 
What does this mean? How can two opposing opinions both be "the words of the Living G-d"? As I will attempt to demonstrate in this and future posts - there are many different approaches to this saying.

It is also interesting to note that it doesn't say "Both opinions are correct/true" but "both are the words of the Living G-d". What does Hashem have to do with it? לא בשמים היא.

Also, why אלקים חיים - the Living G-d? It could have said אלו ואלו דברי אלקים. Why the חיים? Would I have assumed otherwise? The Christian's god is dead. Nietszchie's god is dead. But the G-d of Israel lives. But what does that have to do with the validity of contradictory opinions?

An entire book has been devoted to clarifying this obscure Talmudic phrase called אלו ואלו written by Prof. Avi Sagi of Bar Ilan University. I devoured this book many years back. It is very well researched and thoroughly analyzes the issue from all sides. As is the way of academic books - he uses a lot of fancy words. I like fancy words:-). I am going to use this book and many others to help me in the upcoming posts. Ha-levi that I would also write a book on this topic but alas there are thousands of books I want to write BS"D. May Hashem keep me healthy and give me the means to continue clarifying Torah together with my sweetest friends להגדיל תורה ולהאדירה. I again thank the sponsors of my Otzar Hachochma program for the vast library at my disposal. I also thank R' Hebrew Books Shlita and Google who also help me in my never ending quest from knowledge and understanding.

Let us begin:-). We will start with the Rishonim and then go into the Acharonim.

Ritva - Both Opinions Have A Divine Source


The Ritva [Eiruvin 13] writes [with some addendums]:

שאלו רבני צרפת ז"ל האיך אפשר שיהו אלו ואלו דברי אלוקים חיים וזה אוסר וזה מתיר ותירצו כי כשעלה משה למרום לקבל התורה הראו לו על כל דבר ודבר מ"ט פנים לאיסור וס"ט פנים להיתר ושאל להקב"ה על זה ואמר שיהא זה מסור לחכמי ישראל שבכל דור ודור ויהיה הכרעה כמותם ע"כ לשון הריטב"א בשם רבני צרפת. וכן הוא בתוספות רבינו פרץ בסוגיין. ועל זה הוסיף הריטב"א וכתב ונכון הוא לפי הדרש ובדרך האמת יש טעם סוד בדבר [ובשו"ת 'חות יאיר'
סי' קצ"ב האריך להקשות על תירוץ זה וכתב והברור מה שסיים הריטב"א שמ"ש אלו ואלו דא"ח יש לו סוד וכבר האריך בשל"ה ודבריו הראשונים הנ"ל אי אפשר לישבם לפענ"ד]
 
According to the French Rabbis [and Tosfos Rabbeinu Peretz], when Moshe went to receive the Torah, they showed him that there are 49 sides of איסור and 49 sides of היתר and Hashem said that it is up to Bnei Yisrael to decide what the halacha will be. The source for the French Rabbis is a Medrash on Tehillim [Chapter 12] and a Yerushalmi [Sanhedrin 4/2] cited by Rav Nissim Gaon [printed on our gemara page] where it says that there are always 49 contradictory possibilities. These sources do not add that this is the meaning of אלו ואלו. That is the understanding of the French Rabbis.  
 
The Ritva adds that this is correct according to the level of "drash" but in the world of "sod" - the secret Torah, there is another more secretive [I would tell you but then it wouldn't be a secret anymore:-)] interpretation.
 
The Chavos Yair [סימן קצ"ב], Rav Yair Bachrach, rejects the first explanation of the Ritva and concludes that it is indeed a secret. [I once had a female cab driver whose name was "Bachrach". I asked her if she was related and she in fact was a direct descendant. She wasn't paying too much attention to the road as she was busy oohing and ahhhing my little children in the back seat:-)]].
 
According to the Ritva we understand why the gemara says אלו ואלו דברי אלקים חיים - indeed both opinions were stated by G-d. Practically though we must follow one and not the other [you can't both eat this disputed piece of food and not eat it...].
 

Rashi - Each opinion is correct under given circumstances

 
Rashi [Ksubos 57a ד"ה מאי קמ"ל] goes on a different path:
 

 כי פליגי תרי אמוראי בדין או באיסור והיתר, כל חד אמר הכי, מיסתבר טעמא אין כאן שקר כל חד וחד סברא דידיה קאמר מר יהיב טעמא להיתירא ומר יהיב טעמא לאיסורא מר מדמי מילתא למילתא הכי ומר מדמי ליה בעניינא אחרינא, ואיכא למימר אלו ואלו דברי אלוקים חיים זימנין דשייך האי טעמא וזימנין דשייך האי טעמא שהטעם מתהפך לפי שינוי הדברים בשינוי מועט.
According to Rashi, one of the opinions is wrong but only in this case. In another case this opinion will be correct. We don't reject either opinion completely and uncategorically but carefully determine when each opinion applies.

The author of the Nesivos Hamishpat [Rav Yaakov Lorberbaum] in his Nachalas Yaakov [על אגדות הש"ס] gives an example of this:

 "והכי נמי יש לומר בכאן, דהיינו שכל אחד השיג ברוח הקודש דבריו. דרך משל סומכוס השיג ברוה"ק דממון המוטל בספק חולקין ולאשר היה באספקלריא שאינה מאירה, קסבר דהוא בכל מקום. ובאמת הוא רק באינו מוחזקין, וכן בכל מקום דפליגי תנאים הלכה כשניהם רק שחסר לו לדברי אחד מהם איזה תנאי וכשיהיה התנאי ההוא אז יתקיים דברי שני".
 
Sumchus perceived with Ruach Hakodesh [!!], albeit clouded, that disputed money is divided equally. He was correct and incorrect. He was correct that if neither side has a חזקה [presumption of ownership] we divide the money. He was incorrect because if one side is מוחזק then he gets the money until the other party proves ownership. So we see that in certain instances even the rejected opinion is correct, depending on the circumstances.
 
He offers a great proof to this from the gemara [starting with Chullin 52b at the very bottom].
 
בעי רב כהנא מרב: יש דרוסה לחתול או אין דרוסה לחתול? א"ל אף לחולדה יש דרוסה. יש דרוסה לחולדה או אין דרוסה לחולדה? א"ל אף לחתול אין דרוסה. לחתול ולחולדה יש להן דרוסה או אין להן דרוסה? א"ל לחתול יש דרוסה לחולדה אין דרוסה. ול"ק הא דא"ל אף לחולדה יש דרוסה - בעופות, הא דא"ל אף לחתול אין דרוסה - באימרי רברבי, הא דא"ל לחתול יש דרוסה לחולדה אין דרוסה בגדיים וטלאים.
 
Rav Kahana [in his pre-"Kach" days] inquired of Rav:  
Is the clawing by a cat of consequence or not [does it render the animal a treifa]? — He replied: Even the clawing by a weasel is of

consequence.

 

[On another occasion he asked - Tosfos] And is the clawing by a weasel of consequence or not? — He replied. Even the clawing by a cat is of no consequence.
 
[On yet another occasion he asked] And is the clawing by a cat or by a weasel of consequence or not? — He replied: The clawing by a cat is of consequence but the clawing by a weasel is not.
 
[Editors note: BOY is this confusing!:-)] Continues the gemara:
 
Now there is really no contradiction between these replies. For when he said: ‘Even the clawing by a
weasel is of consequence’, he meant with reference to birds; and when he said: ‘Even the clawing by a cat is of no consequence’, he meant with reference to large sheep; and when he said: ‘The clawing
by a cat is of consequence but the clawing by a weasel is not’, he meant with reference to kids and
lambs.

 
So here we have an example of three contradictory answers, all of which are true depending on the circumstances. GEVALLLDIK!

Concludes Rav Lorberbaum that Beis Shammai always saw the side of גבורה - strict judgment, which was correct but not the whole picture. But when the circumstances change [כמו לעתיד לבוא - הוספה שלי] the halacha will follow them.

The Chida - The rejected opinion helps us understand the correct opinion


The Chida [פתח עינים עמ' פ"ח] offers a different explanation. [Rabbi Einhorn quotes the Kossover Rebbe to the same effect]

ופשר דבר כתבו המפרשים, דמ"ש אלו ואלו דברי אלוקים חיים, אין פירושו דשניהם אמת אלא להיות דאין האור ניכר
אלא מתוך החשך נמצא דהסברא המנגדת תועיל להבין היטב הסברא האמיתית בעצם
ומצד זה קרי בה נמי דברי אלוקים חיים. ולעולם הסברא אחת אמת והסברא האחרת אינה אמת. ובספר 'מראית העין' בסוגיין כתב החיד"א בזה"ל ובספר מהררי נמרים פירש דלא יובן האמת אלא מהפכו ונמצא דגם מה שאינו אמת עביד ומהנה להכיר האמת.
 
According to this approach, both opinion are NOT correct. One opinion is true and the other [Beis Shammai] is false [!!]. The value of the incorrect approach is that it allows us to clarify the correct approach because the best way to understand what something is - is by understanding what it is NOT. You can only truly appreciate light by first understanding what darkness is. Even the rejected opinion is the word of the living G-d because it enables us to better understand the correct word of G-d.
 

MUSSAR

We can learn from this last interpretation a great lesson for life. Don't be close-minded. Listen to others who might be wrong but even so - their opinions will help you clarify your own. This applies to Hashkafic disputes and personal ones as well.
 
And sometimes - maybe you are wrong:-).
 
Keep an open mind [but as they say "not so open that your brains fall out":-)].
 
Also, when you learn a gemara or any text - always try to understand what the text is NOT saying. That will help you better understand what it IS saying.
 
More to come bez"H - keep posted:-).

בנימין בן הניה רבקהלרפואת
 
משה בן  רינה
ברוך מרדכי בן תולצה הינדא
דוד בן טובה גיטל
אסתר מינדל בת גיטל מרים
בתוך שח"י
 
Thanks for learning with me! 
 
Bi-ahava rabba,
Me:-)