חלק ראשון: הלכות איסורי לשון הרע, כלל ד, ה׳
אֲבָל (כג) אִם הוּא רוֹאֶה שֶׁהַחוֹטֵא הוּא מֵהָאֱוִילִים הַלֵּצִּים הַשּׂוֹנְאִים לְמוֹכִיחָם, כְּדִכְתִיב {משלי ט' ח'}: "אַל תּוֹכַח לֵץ פֶּן יִשְׂנָאֶךָּ", וּבְוַדַּאי לֹא יִתְקַבְּלוּ דְּבָרָיו בְּאָזְנָיו, וַאֲנָשִׁים כָּאֵלּוּ בְּנָקֵל לָהֶם לִשְׁנוֹת בְּאִוַּלְתָּם, וְאִם כֵּן יוּכַל לִהְיוֹת שֶׁיָּבוֹא עוֹד הַפַּעַם לִידֵי חֵטְא, עַל כֵּן טוֹב לָהֶם, שֶׁיַּגִּידוּ לְדַיָּנִי הָעִיר, כְּדֵי שֶׁהֵם יְיַסְרוּהוּ עַל עֲוֹנוֹ וְיַפְרִישׁוּהוּ מֵהָאִסוּר עַל לְהַבָּא, וְנִרְאֶה דְּהוּא הַדִּין (כד) לִקְרוֹבָיו שֶׁל הַחוֹטֵא, אִם דִּבְרֵיהֶם יִהְיוּ מִתְקַבְּלִין לוֹ, וְעַיֵּן בִּבְאֵר מַיִם חַיִּים. וְכָל כַּוָּנַת הַמְסַפֵּר תִּהְיֶה לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם וּבְקִּנְאַת ה', לֹא בְּשִׂנְאָתוֹ לוֹ עַל דָּבָר אַחֵר. וְהַשּׁוֹפְטִים גַּם כֵּן יְיַסְרוּ אֶת הַחוֹטֵא (כה) בְּהַצְּנִעַ וְלֹא יַלְבִּינוּ פָּנָיו בָּרַבִּים, כְּדִכְתִיב "הוֹכֵחַ תּוֹכִיחַ אֶת עֲמִיתֶךָ וְלֹא תִשָּׂא עָלָיו חֵטְא" וְכָל זֶה אִם רָאוּהוּ בִּשְׁנַיִם, אֲבָל אִם הוּא עֵד אֶחָד, (כו) לֹא יָעִיד עַל חֲבֵרוֹ, כִּי עֵדוּתוֹ חִנָּם, לְפִי שֶׁאֵין סוֹמְכִין עָלֶיהָ כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר {דברים י"ט ט"ו}: "לֹא יָקוּם עֵד אֶחָד בְּאִישׁ לְכָל עָוֹן וּלְכָל חַטָאת". לָכֵן מוֹצִּיא שֵׁם רַע יֵחָשֵׁב, וְאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ: כָּל הַמֵּעִיד יְחִידִי עַל חֲבֵרוֹ בִּדְבַר עֲבֵרָה וְכוּ' וְאָמְרוּ חֲזַ"ל: ג' הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שׂוֹנְאָן, וְאֶחָד מֵהֶם הָרוֹאֶה דְּבַר עֶרְוָה בַּחֲבֵרוֹ וּמֵעִיד בּוֹ בִּיחִידִי. (כז) אַךְ יָכוֹל לְגַלּוֹת הַדָּבָר בְּהַצְּנֵעַ לְרַבּוֹ וּלְאִישׁ סוֹדוֹ, אִם יֵדַע כִּי יַאֲמִין דְּבָרָיו (כח) כְּדִבְרֵי שְׁנֵי עֵדִים, וּמִתָּר לְרַבּוֹ לִשְׂנֹא אוֹתוֹ עֲבוּר זֶה וּלְהִתְרַחֵק מֵחֶבְרָתוֹ, עַד אֲשֶׁר יִוָּדַע לוֹ, שֶׁשָּׁב מִדַּרְכּוֹ הָרָעָה, אֲבָל אָסוּר לְרַבּוֹ לְסַפֵּר דָּבָר זֶה לַאֲחֵרִים, דְּלֹא עָדִיף מֵּאִם רָאָה בְּעַצְמוֹ, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ לְעֵיל בְּסָעִיף ד'.
But if they see that the sinner is one of the foolish scoffers who hate their reprovers, as it is written (Mishlei 9:8): "Do not reprove the scoffer, lest he hate you," and their words will certainly not be accepted, and men such as these readily return to their folly, so that he may very likely come to sin again — if so, it is better for them if they tell it to the judges of the city, so that they chastise him for his sin and keep him from future transgression. And it would seem that the same holds true for [telling] the relatives of the sinner if [we know that] their words [of reproof] will be accepted by him [see Be'er Mayim Chayim]. And the entire intent of the teller should be for the sake of Heaven and in zeal for the L–rd, and not because of their hatred of him for something else. And the judges, too, should chastise the sinner in secret and not "whiten his face" in public, as it is written (Vayikra 19:17): "Reprove shall you reprove your neighbor, but do not bear sin because of him." And all this if they saw him with [i.e., if they were] two witnesses, but if he were a single witness, he may not testify against his friend, for his testimony is in vain, the judges being unable to rely upon it, viz. (Devarim 19:15): "One witness shall not arise against a man for every transgression and for every sin." Therefore, [if he does so], he is considered a motzi shem ra [the spreader of an evil report], concerning which our Rabbis have said (Sha'arei Teshuvah 22): "One who testified singly against his friend receives stripes of rebellion." And our sages have said (Pesachim 113b): "Three are hated by the Holy One Blessed be He," one of them being "one who sees a thing of ervah [immorality] in his friend and testifies against him singly." But he can reveal the thing secretly to his [the sinner's] Rabbi and to his close confidant, if he knows that his words will be accepted as those of two witnesses. And his Rabbi is permitted to hate him for this and to distance himself from his company, until it becomes known to him that he has repented of his evil way. But his Rabbi may not tell this to others, it being no better than seeing it himself, as we have written above in section 4.
וְנִרְאֶה לִי עוֹד בְּאִישׁ, אֲשֶׁר מִשְׁפָּטוֹ לִשְׁנוֹת בְּאִוַּלְתּוֹ, דְּאַף אִם רַבּוֹ אֵינְנּוּ צָּנוּעַ כָּל כָּךְ וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּתְודַּע מִמֶּנּוּ לֶהָמוֹן, אֲבָל הוּא אִישׁ שֶׁדְּבָרָיו יִהְיוּ נִשְׁמָעִין בְּתוֹכָחָה לְהַחוֹטֵא, שֶׁלֹּא יִשְׁנְה עוֹד בְּאִוּלְתּוֹ, אֶפְשָׁר גַּם כֵּן שֶׁמֻּתָּר לְגַלּוֹת לוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁכַּוָּנַת הַמְסַפֵּר הוּא לְתוֹעֶלֶת הַחוֹטֵא וְלֹא לְגַנּוֹתוֹ. וְעַתָּה נַחֲזֹר לְעִנְיָנֵנוּ הַנַּ"ל, דַּאֲפִלּוּ אִם רָאוּהוּ שְׁנַיִם בְּעֵת עֲשִׂיַּת הַחֵטְא וְהוּא אִישׁ, שֶׁנָּקֵל לוֹ לִשְׁנוֹת בְּאִוַּלְתּוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן אֵין מֻתָּר רַק לְגַלּוֹת לְדַיָּנֵי הָעִיר וְלֹא לַאֲחֵרִים, כִּי עַל כָּל פָּנִים הֲלֹא לֹא רְאִינוּהוּ שֶׁעָבַר עַל זֶה הָאִסוּר, רַקּ פַּעַם אַחַת, אוּלַי גָּבַר אָז יִצְּרוֹ עָלָיו וְאַחַר כָּךְ שָׁב בִּתְשׁוּבָה וְנֶאֱנַח בִּמְרִירוּת לֵב עַל זֶה, עַל כֵּן לֹא יָצָּא הַחוֹטֵא עֲדַיִן מִכְּלַל "עֲמִיתֶךָ" בָּזֶה.
And it seems to me also that if the man were accustomed to repeat his folly, then even if his Rabbi were not very discreet, so that his sin might become public knowledge, still, if his words of reproof would be accepted by the sinner, so that he would no more repeat his offense, it is possible that it is permitted to reveal it to him [the Rabbi], since the teller's intent is to benefit the sinner and not to demean him. And now we shall return to our previous point, that even if two saw him at the time of the sin, and he were a man who readily returned to his folly, still, it is permitted to reveal this only to the judges of the city and not to others. For, in any event, is it not true that we have seen him transgress this issur but once? Perhaps his evil inclination overpowered him, and then he repented, groaning over this in bitterness of heart — so that this sinner has not yet left the category of "your neighbor" because of this (see Vayikra 19:17).
וְכָל אֵלּוּ הַדִּינִין שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ הוּא דַּוְקָא בְּאִישׁ, אֲשֶׁר מִנְהָגוֹ וְדַרְכּוֹ לְהִתְחָרֵט עַל חֲטָאָיו, (כט) אֲבָל אִם בָּחַנְתָּ אֶת דַּרְכּוֹ, כִּי אֵין פַּחַד אֱלֹהִים לְנֶגֶד עֵינָיו וְתָמִיד יִתְיַצֵּב עַל דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֹב, כְּמוֹ הפּוֹרֵק מֵעָלָיו עֹל מַלְכוּת שָׁמַיִם אוֹ שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִזְהָר מֵעְבֵרָה אַחת, אֲשֶׁר כָּל שַׁעַר עַמּוֹ יוֹדְעִים שֶׁהִיא עֲבֵרָה, דְּהיְנוּ בֵּין שֶׁאוֹתָה הָעֲבֵרָה, שֶׁהוּא רוֹצֶּה לְגַלּוֹת, עָשָׂה הַחוֹטֵא כַּמָּה פְּעָמִים בְּמֵזִיד אוֹ שֶׁעָבר בְּמֵזִיד כַּמָּה פְּעָמִים עֲבֵרָה אַחַת הַמְפֻרְסֶמֶת לַכֹּל שֶׁהִיא עֲבֵרָה, אִם כֵּן מוּכָח מִנֵּה שֶׁלֹּא מֵחֲמַת שֶׁגָּבַר יִצְּרוֹ עָלָיו עָבַר עַל דִּבְרֵי ה' כִּי אִם בִּשְׁרִירוּת לִבּוֹ הוּא הוֹלֵךְ, וְאֵין פַּחַד אֱלֹהִים לְנְגֶד עֵינָיו, לָכֵן מֻתָּר לְהַכְלִימוֹ (ל) וּלְסַפֵּר בִּגְנוּתוֹ בֵּין בְּפָנָיו וּבֵין שֶׁלֹּא בְּפָנָיו. וְאִם הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה מַעֲשֶׂה אוֹ יְדַבֵּר דָּבָר, וְיֵשׁ לְשָׁפְטוֹ לְצַּד הַזְּכוּת וּלְצַד הַחוֹב, צָּרִיךְ לְשָׁפְטוֹ לְצַּד הַחוֹב, אַחֲרֵי שֶׁנִּתְחַזֵּק לְרָשָׁע גָּמוּר בִּשְׁאָר עִנְיָנָיו, וְכֵן אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ "לֹא תוֹנוּ אִישׁ אֶת עֲמִיתוֹ", עַם שֶׁאִתְּךָ בְּתוֹרָה וּבְמִצְוֹת, אַל תּוֹנֵהוּ בִּדְבָרִים, וַאֲשֶׁר לֹא שָׁת לִבּוֹ לִדְבַד ה', מֻתָּר לְהַכְלִימּוֹ בְּמַעֲלָלָיו וּלְהוֹדִיעַ תּוֹעֲבוֹתָיו וְלִשְׁפֹּךְ בּוּז עָלָיו, וְעוֹד אָמְרוּ: מְפַרְסְמִין אֶת הַחֲנֵפִים מִפְּנִי חִלּוּל ה', וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן (לא) אִם הוֹכִיחַ אוֹתוֹ בָּזֶה וְלֹא חָזַר, דְּמֻתָּר לְפַרְסְמוֹ וּלְגַלּוֹת עַל חֲטָאָיו בְּשַׁעַר בַּת רַבִּים וְלִשְׁפֹּךְ בּוּז עָלָיו, עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזֹר לְמוּטָב, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב הָרַמְבַּ"ם בְּסוֹף פֶּרֶקּ ו' מֵהִלְכוֹת דֵּעוֹת {הלכה ח'}, אַךְ יֵשׁ לִזָּהֵר שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁכֹּחַ (לב) פְּרָטִים אֲחָדִים הַמִּצְטָרְכִים לָזֶה, וּכְתַבְתִּים בִּבְאֵר מַיִם חיִּים.
And all of these dinim that we have set down apply only to a man who is wont to regret his sins. But if you have probed his ways and seen that the fear of G–d is not before his eyes and that he always persists in a way that is not good — such as one who divests himself of the yoke of Heaven or is unheedful of a transgression which every one of his people knows to be a transgression — that is, whether the sin you wish to reveal has been committed deliberately many times by the sinner or he often transgresses deliberately a different sin which is known by all to be a sin — then it is apparent that it is not because his evil inclination overpowered him that he transgressed the word of the L–rd, but that he does as his heart sees fit and the fear of G–d is not before his eyes. Therefore, it is permitted to shame him and to speak demeaningly of him, both before him and in his absence. And if he does something or says something which can be judged either in the scales of merit or in the scales of guilt, he must be judged in the scales of guilt, since he has shown himself to be an absolute evildoer in his other affairs. And thus have our Rabbis said (Bava Metzia 59a): "'And you shall not wrong, one man, his fellow [amito]' (Vayikra 25:17) — 'a people who is with you' [am ito] in Torah and mitzvoth — do not wrong him with words!" And if one does not direct his heart to the word of the L–rd, it is permitted to shame him for his deeds, to make known his abominations, and to spill scorn upon him. And they said further (Yoma 86b): "Flatterers are exposed because of the desecration of the Name [that they engender]." And much more so if one reproved him for [his sin] and he did not desist from it, is it permitted to expose him and to reveal his sin in "the public gate" and to spill scorn upon him, until he returns to the good, as the Rambam has written in the end of Hilchoth Deoth 5. But it is important not to forget certain considerations that this entails, which I have written of in Be'er Mayim Chayim.
